In June 2016, the European Commission launched the ‘EU Action Plan on Integration of third country nationals’. The Action Plan provides a common policy framework for integration policies in the Member States and aims to promote cooperation and policy coordination in the field of migrant integration. Due to the multilevel and cross-sectoral character of migrant integration, policy coordination is crucial to an effective policy strategy in this area of policymaking. In this policy...

This Policy Brief is part of the KF-VUB Korea Chair, which serves as an independent platform in Brussels to advance academically rigorous and informed discussions on policy questions that are of relevance to the Republic of Korea and Europe. The Chair aims to fulfil the following objectives: i) increase awareness in Europe about current security and geopolitical challenges affecting the Korean peninsula; ii) provide a platform to enhance a common understanding between Korea and Europe, and...

Western European countries rely on intelligence to collect information on the capabilities and intentions of friends and foes alike. They also perform counter-intelligence missions in order to hinder the intelligence operations of others. This policy brief highlights how the Russian disinformation campaign strives to enhance Russian deterrence of unfavourable policy responses to its foreign policy actions. It also illustrates how it affects intelligence and counter-intelligence...

Aviation has transformed society over the past five decades, effectively shrinking the planet and bringing great economic and social benefits to an ever increasing number of people. Its unremitting growth does, however, come at a price. Direct emissions from civil aviation account for approximately 3 % of the EU’s total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and for around 2 % of global GHG emissions. The emissions amount to only a third of those in the road transport sector, but display a...