War has raged in Ukraine for close to two years now, and Russia’s illegal war continues to pose a strategic dilemma for NATO and the European Union. Although allies are producing more ammunition and equipment, there is a risk that Europeans do too little, too late. There may only be a slender opening of opportunity for states in the Euro-Atlantic region to address the profound challenges facing Ukraine and Europe. The 2024 NATO Washington Summit is an opportunity to address these fundamental issues. This In-Depth Paper looks towards the Summit. While it will not be able to deal decisively with all of the challenges facing NATO today, we outline some of the areas that the alliance will need to tackle over the coming months and years. In particular, Europeans need to rapidly and substantially contribute to the enablement of deterrence and defence.
